British IRA Interrogation

The increase of success of the west cork Brigade, part of the Irish republican Army was the leading factor to a spate of arresting and interrogating the suspects if the IRA volunteers in an effort to identify and ascertain the headquarters of those who were engaging in the guerilla war against the forces of the British. Through interrogation the British managed to break the IRA volunteers through torturing and this lead to discovering that the forces headquarters was in Ballymurphy.After discovering this, British army planned for an operation aimed at capturing the IRA column. This lead to mobilizing of more than 1200 British troops to attack the area from different directions. The operation was done early in the morning to attack the IRA unaware; this was thought to lead British to victory for there were about ten British commanders for one IRA member. As the British tried to encircle the IRA, they were caught by surprise as the IRA was aware of the British plans and they attacked a t the crossbarry roads which lead to having many British casualties.The IRA took British arms and set their vehicles on fire before they were attacked by other British troops but did not succeed even after stiff fire fight and they all retired. Impact of British actions to IRA in bringing peace to Northern Ireland The IRA had structural plans that were governing them through their endeavors. It was evident that the republican were to remain anonymous to every one except the members. No one could talk about the army and this made it hard to uncover the whole truth about the army’s missions and their plans.As their rules had restricted them not to talk about the army in public, not discuss anything concerning the army with anyone, not to go in a company of a known member and not to frequent to the houses of a known member, and the top most issue was not to drink alcohol excessively as this would lead to loose mouth and would reveal the republicans secrets. The army volunteers w ere made to believe that the army was legal and justified. They were taught that that was the only way to proclaim democracy in the whole Ireland.Commitment to the movement was legal and was the only way out to struggle for political justification and is a direct representative of the Dail Eirean parliament and by that was a legal and lawful government of the Irish republic and has right to pass law and to claim jurisdiction over the land, airspace, means of production all its people regardless of creed or loyalty. (Coogan, 1997) This impacted a negative attitude to the IRA members and the people of Ireland in an effort to bring peace.These beliefs made the British have difficulties in trying to restore peace in the country as they were regarded as intruders and were there for their own benefit. This is because the army had claimed to the sovereign government of Ireland and had all the rights to act in any capacity as a government. As the recruits were taught that British army, RUC, UDR and Gardai are occupying forces, were illegal and were completely unacceptable for that was morally wrong, ethnically inexcusable and politically unacceptable.Through the strengthening of these believes, the IRA members were completely resistance to the British armies in their efforts of any form in Ireland. (Hopkinson, 2003) IRA PREPARATION OF RECRUITS The IRA prepares their recruits in a distinctive manner. The recruits are taught on their importance to one another. This helps bonding together the recruits from different back grounds to strengthen the movement bond. As they are recruited they are motivated even they face harsh conditions should persevere for the sake of their nation.The IRA is form of ethnic terrorist seeking to influence the Irish people to reject the British governance. As usual to the ethnic terrorist, according to Byman (1997) they seek to create fear among the rival groups or armies by performing terrorist attacks and moderate movements. The recruitment of the army means entering in your total allegiance in life. This helps the movement to retain the recruited volunteers for they have to obey the commands and the rules set forth for the organization.The IRA recruits are forced to believe whatever allegation is put forward for them and strictly follow the rules. The recruits are trained to persevere any form of hardship they face during their work as armies until they combat the target group. Nationalism is another force that was driving the recruits. They were from all corners of the country and were much concerned over fighting for their nation. This aspect had more power as far as recruits were concerned over the belief system.On the other hand, nationalism can also display the general characteristic of a belief system by providing the recruits with adequate information and equipping their mind with an issue that they are to fight for their nation. (Hopkinson, 2003) Conclusion IRA movement was determined in salvaging the Ireland from the hands of British rule. The British solders effort to combat the IRA guerilla were rendered fruitless for the IRA was always ready for the attack even though they were less in number compared to British solders.The IRA recruits were equipped in their minds that the movement was legal and morally right to fight the intruders whore were settled in the country for their own good. The IRA movement sought to influence to moderators and other ethnic groups to reject the British governance. They were to follow strict rules to ensure the safety and welfare of the movements. Reference: Byman, D. (1997) The logic of Ethnic Terrorism, Washington DC, Rand Coogan, T. (1997) The IRA, New York, Palgrave Macmillan Hopkinson, M. (2003) Irish War of Independence, Journal, Vol

Analyst Apple 4ps

Analysis, segmentation and marketing mix of Apple Introduction The aim of this report is to analyse the current position of the company which includes the products, current strategic position, and current financial strength. Different types of marketing tools are used in this report. PEST analysis and Porter’s five force model for looking into the external environment. SWOT analysis for looking into the internal environment of the organization.This report also looks into market segmentation and the marketing mix of the product. Apple was first introduced by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976 to market and sell the Apple personal computer kit. The first computer kits were hand built and was kept for a public display first at the homebrew computer lab. This computer kit consisted of Motherboard with RAM, CPU, and some video chips.Since then apple have come a long way in the market all over the world and they are one of the leading companies in electroni c products. This can be known with the information given below: Current Strategic Position Apple believes in continuous improvement and they look into all the key sectors like environment, health and safety management systems and the quality of our products, processes and services.Looking into the Principle and goals of Apple, Apple has set out their own principles where they look to meet all the health and safety requirements, promote energy efficiency, and their main goals are; innovation is the most important thing for apple, to increase the number of sales of the product in the education field, providing new and user friendly software for the customers, and last but not the least providing high quality products to the customers.Looking into the current strategic position of Apple, with the introduction of its own operating system, hardware, software application, and with a completely new design, Apple looks to meet all the customer requirements like new products, ease of use, an d an innovative design of the product. Apple is currently focusing on, brand awareness and improving the product by increasing the financial investment on marketing and advertisement, they are looking at expanding the retail segment by opening more number of stores all over the world, they are looking at keeping it up with the competition by mplementing a cost leadership strategy, and they are looking to continue the reputation of being the leader in innovation for new technology by implementing product differentiation strategy. Looking into the current finance position of Apple, on October 19, 2009 Apple announced the financial results for the year 2009. The company posted revenue of $9. 87 billion and a net quarterly profit of $1. 67 billion. These results can be compared to the revenue of $7. 9 billion and net quarterly profit of $1. 14 billion in the previous year quarter. International sales also helped 46% of the quarter’s revenue.Gross margin is 36. 6% when compared to the previous year quarter which was 34. 7%. Apple reached 17% increase when compared to the previous year quarter by successfully selling 3. 05 million Mac computers during the quarter. PEST analysis and Porter’s five forces are very important tools to establish the external environment of Apple: PEST Analysis Political Factors Different countries have different rules and regulations which can act as a positive or a negative barrier which can result in restricting the companies or lend opportunities to the company.Good thing for Apple is NAFTA, European Union and other regional trade open doors so that the company can have a wider market in Europe, Asia, Latin, and America which can offer enormous potential to the company. Beatles lawsuit against Apple can affect the reputation of the company in a negative way. There is a direct impact on the overall business of the company (Apple) due to the political uncertainties caused by terrorism. Apple relies on the government to give a grant and intellectual property obtained from third parties. Economic FactorsApple has been affected in the last year by the slow economic and that resulted in low consumer spending. However the current economy shows consumer spending, some amount of improvement, and investment might increase as well. In US due to the weak economic condition the educational segment is encountering a large loss in many states. Hence this has caused a negative impact over the Apple’s sales in the educational segment. With respect to sales of product Apple having a worldwide market can be affected by currency exchange rate and by international trade regulations as they obtain the components of the product from foreign suppliers.Social Factors Apple have designed their own computers and their own software’s which will help this generation as the computer and internet usage is rapidly growing worldwide. With the introduction of Mac people have more information, gain more knowledge about different types of computers and becomes a good source of opportunities for the Apple computer industry. Education has become the primary issue for the new generation which is a key factor for the company’s business. Social factors also include internet revolution, shopping online, Brand awareness of the company. Technological FactorsTechnology is experiencing a rapid boom in this generation, and people appreciate more and more innovative changes in their systems and are switching over to the new information appliances and Apple have been successful in providing new appliances. There is a rapid growth in the usage of the internet which is also a good opportunity for the company. The traditional desktop is becoming outdated with new products coming into the market like Mac laptops. This new technology can be used in schools, collages, and by professionals as they will be able to gain the more knowledge and this in turn increases the demand of the product.Porter’s five f orces Porter’s five forces model is an excellent model to use to analyze a particular environment of an industry. In this report we are entering the PC industry and hence Porter’s model will help us to find out about: Competitive Rivalry Competitive rivalry for Apple is very high as it is a competition among the big companies and it is fierce as everyone is aiming at a larger market share, intensive price cuts and changes. PCs are differentiated as hardware / software configurations. Competition is mainly based one cost. The main competitor for Apple is Microsoft.Microsoft also has their own operating system but is providing it to the customers in a very cheap price when compared to Apple. Hence I can say that there is a fierce price competition. Bargaining Power of suppliers. (Low) Looking into Apple, the company is highly dependent on component suppliers. If the supplier wants to increase his profits he can put pressure on the market by supplying the components at a higher price. Apple is running at a higher risk than other as they are working with only few selected suppliers. Bargaining Power of customers. Low) In the PC world there is high number of suppliers in the industry and Apple being a part of it, has its product price higher than the other company products. Hence there will be lot of options for the customers to buy the cheapest and the best product. Threats of substitutes. (Low) In the present generation PCs represent 90% of the market share as they have multiple configurations, performance and price ranges. Looking into Apple they have their own operating system called as Mac and there is no product competing in the market. Threat of new entry.In the world of PCs any company that has a new technology that is efficient in terms of price and performance is considered as a threat to the industry. Looking into Apple there is no threats from any new entrants as there is no product competing in the market. Apple has a very good brand imag e and it will be very difficult for the new entrants to pose a threat to the company. SWOT analysis is also a very important tool which will help in establishing the internal environment of Apple: SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a market tool which helps to understand the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in a business.During the strategic planning process the most commonly used tool is SWOT. STRENGTHS: Corporate reputation is high. Apple manufactures have their own product and their own operating system hence they have a good control over the product. Leader in innovation and product differentiation. Apple has a very good strategic alliance with HP. Creativity style. WEAKNESSES: Apple has set high prices on their products. Apple has high inventory in their products. Apple has problems in distribution of their products. Apple has too many product lines. OPPORTUNITIES: Demand for innovation. Internet. Growing industry.Employee benefit programme. Opportunity to create a ne w software markets and selling the hardware in those markets. THREATS: There is fierce competition among the PC industry. Loss of market share. Price competition. Increase in supply’s costs. Market Segmentation The market segmentation includes: Demographical bases. Geographical bases. Behavior bases. Psychographic bases. 2. 1 Demographical bases (age, family size, life cycle, occupation) Looking into Apple, the Demographical market segment is successful because they are developing products on the age, life cycle, occupation of the people.They are distributing their products into various places and the PCs are categorized on age, family size, for example they would have more games and entertainment in the PCs for the kids and a professional PC with all the latest software’s. 2. 2 Geographical bases (states, regions, countries) Looking into the geographical bases of Apple they have established their business all over the world like U. S. , South America, Europe, Japan, a nd Australia. Recently Apple chose to implement a vertical growth strategy and began expanding their own retail stores.The company also sells its product via third-parties dealers, or via internet through their own website or through the iTunes online music stores. 2. 3 Behavior bases (product knowledge, usage, attitudes, and responses) In this market segment Apple providing good product knowledge to the customers by advertizing on search engines, T. V. as they have a very good brand image. Using this brand image they are continuously coming up with new ideas and products and attracting the customers. Apple has got a very good response rate as many of the customers are looking for new designs and innovative products which Apple is successfully delivering. . 4 Psychographic bases (lifestyle, values, personality) Looking into Apple the psychographic market segment is successful because they are developing products on the lifestyle of the people such as Mac book for the younger generat ion. Apple having a very good brand image has very good value for its products as they are different and innovative. Looking into the personality (style) sector Apple is providing their products with different colors for the people who like fancy colors. MARKETING MIX Marketing mix is the combination of the product, the price, place and promotion. These are popularly known as Four Ps.When the marketing condition like political, social, economic, and technological factors change even the marketing mix has to be changed. The four Ps are listed as below: 3. 1 Product: Apple is committed to sell original, good looking products that have an easy-to-use interface. The company offers a range of personal computing products, related devices and various third party hardware-products. In addition, the company offers software products (Mac OS X), server software and related solution; professional application software; and consumer, education and business oriented application software.Apple has been very innovative by finding new usages for its Mac computer, such as desktop publishing and strong graphics/animation capabilities. The Mac functionality for managing multimedia files from cameras, DV recorder and MP3 devices has been very popular and successful. 3. 2 Price: Apple price is known to be above average in the industry. The company is using a differentiation strategy and focuses more on innovation, and quality. This strategy is justifying their premium prices.Lately, however, their new technology and their high cash flow allowed them to lower their price and to offer more discount to certain markets such as the education market. This new pricing strategy may help Apple to compete better with the non-Mac user market but might cause some issue with the brand image/recognition. 3. 3 Place: Apple’s operating segments are comprised of: U. S. South America Europe Japan Australia. Recently Apple chose to implement a vertical growth strategy and began expanding their own retail stores.The company also sells its product via third-parties dealers, or via internet through their own website or through the iTunes online music stores. 3. 4 Promotions: The best in the Apple Mac is that songs can be played only from iTunes and hence Apple In 2003, formed a strategic alliance with PepsiCo. The Pepsi iTunes music promotion calls for people to use the winning code found under the Pepsi’s bottle caps products to redeem songs from Apple’s iTunes music Store. This promotion has already been successful for both companies and increased the awareness of the iTunes presence in the market.In 2003, Apple also announced marketing partnerships With America Online that are aimed at driving iTunes use deeply into the mainstream. Apple computers could play a song only from the iTunes. Apple and America Online have agreed to put iTunes â€Å"buy this song† buttons next to every song that’s listed in AOL’s music service, which its 25 mil lion subscribers can access. Clicking the button will automatically launch the iTunes music jukebox and begin downloading the song; billing will be handled through the customer’s existing arrangement with AOL.Apple has a joint venture with Hewlett Packard. Apple has produced an iPod for PC users and the success of this product was a good way for the company to capture non-MAC users. The company’ also drew on endorsements from music stars. In 2005, Apple Computer has initiated a partnership with Wal-Mart that saw the iPod shuffle featured at Wal-Mart discount locations around the country. Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/marketing/analysis-segmentation-and-marketing-mix-of-apple-marketing-essay. php#ixzz2QZbbQKIn

Analyze the Learner

Analyze the Learner Analyze the Learner General characteristics: I attend the HacÄ ± Ãâ€"mer Tarman Anatolian high school in class 11-FC. There are 27 students, 16 of them are boy the remains are girl. Although their learning abilities are nearly the same because they took the same exam before enter this school, they have some differences in their cognitive levels. So from time to time I have to use different methods to attract their attention. Student’s socioeconomic levels are different and this affects their achievement. Because students that have low economic status could not get private lessons. In addition that while giving research project I realized their economic conditions. Students are aware of the importance of lecture because they know the university entrance exam are very important for their future life so they do not miss any single hour. Entry competencies: In order to understand the whether the students have necessary prerequisites and knowledge I will make a pretest to un derstand these. For example before starting acid base concept students should know some concepts from 9th class. These can be * Matter * Nomenclature of compound * Chemical reactions and calculations * Mole concept * Solutions and molarity And also for achieving these concepts they ought to have these skills mentioned below. * Reading and writing skills * Problem solving skills * Analytical and critical thinking skills * Manipulating laboratory equipment skill * Problem solving skills Learning styles: Students have different multiple intelligences so during the lecture as a instructor I should use different methods in order to motivate the learners. So they can easily the topic. It can be seen that in secondary school students are bored if the teacher use traditional method. However if they use different methods such as demonstration, role play, cooperative learning, they can understand easily, because the concepts are taught in a different manner. In addition to that giving exampl es from daily lives also increase students attention .but most of the teacher us lecturing method to complete the curriculum on time. But according tro me understand the topic is more important to complete the topic. So I will use analogy to teach the complex topic in an easy way and also make a demonstration so that students can easily realize what is going on, because of this reason I will prepare a video that is related to the chemistry experiment. And I will give daily life examples so students realized that chemistry is related to our life therefore they are willing to my lecture. State Objectives: The topic is in the K-10 curriculum. There are some requirements for the instruction. These include the previous knowledge from 9th grade level. At the end of the lesson 10th grade students will be able to have the following objectives. Ø General objective : Students understand the definition of acid and bases o Behavioral objectives:  § To know the meaning of acids and bases à ‚ § Describe Arrhenius acid base definition  § Describe Bronsted acid base definition  § Describe Lewis acid base definition  § To know the differences between acid base definitions Ø General objective : Students predict the use of acid and bases in daily life

International Marketing Class Reflection Paper Essay

International Marketing Class Reflection Paper - Essay Example This course allows the students to attain insight into the different cultural patterns, the habits and values of different nations and societies. Probably this is one of the best courses that I have taken so far. By delving into the culture, history, religion, geography and the prevailing law of a nation, it is possible to relate food habits to global business and global marketing. The grading system adopted by my instructor has also enriched me. First and foremost, the instructor conveys that one must be precise with facts and figures – no assumptions and no estimations! This implies one must learn to be accurate with information. I have often used the, which the instructor has changed to this (page 1) which teaches one to be specific. No general statements, says the instructor when I mention that Singaporeans eat often†¦or food preferences of different ethnic groups. Not only with information, the instructor, also insists on perfection in the use of language and grammar. In formal essays and papers, the use of informal language like â€Å"†¦gave the rice dishes the thumbs-up† is not permitted. I have also made mistakes in the use of tenses. Thirdly, since this is a paper for International marketing, and the purpose is to understand the international culture and traditions that affect the marketing process, the instructor is teaching us to get into finer details about the traditions and culture. For instance, on page two, I have just mentioned that ‘†¦the dough is kneaded in the traditional Singaporean way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is incomplete and the instructor wants us to explain what that traditional way is. Again, explanation is demanded of why three sides are required! Once again, go deep into details, says the instructor! The whole idea is to develop the market on logical reasoning. Even when I have the details, I am unable to express it the right way. I have demonstrated that I can go into details, when I mention about the

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Answer the following and write each answer to each page , it has to be Assignment

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Small-Business Preference - Essay Example The Congress has managed to come up with some very important and exciting programs that regulate and guide use of unmanned aircrafts or rather drones. The United States law enforcing agencies have taken steps to incorporate use of domestic drones. This has greatly helped enforcing agencies improve in their surveillance capabilities within the American population and without the American population. It is important to note the fact that incorporating such drones in public life would definitely change the American public life as it is known. It is therefore wise to consider implication of unmanned aircraft presence and capabilities of these flying objects. The government must therefore be careful to ensure there is public support for these unmanned flying objects. Normally, being monitored and tracked through surveillance mechanism will cause some discomfort among the public and affect public life eventually. Because of such guidelines drone manufacturing is only limited to domestic us e in case of business related interests and not wars. Manufacturers of drones have brought forward several suggestions for consideration by the United States Homeland security department. Examples include arming the remote controlled unmanned aircrafts with weapons such as tasers tear gas or rubber bullets. Such use is limited to non lethal weapons by the law enforcement agencies. Several states have enacted laws that govern use of domestic drones offering insight to the kind of businesses that can be allowed for manufacture (New York Times, 2012). Usage limits for drones as legislated include only when warrants for their use have been issued, in emergency cases or when there is enough support to conclude its use will assist in collection of important evidence to specific criminal activities. When image collection capabilities are incorporated in the drones, such images should be saved or retained only when it will be useful as evidence. Policies guiding use of domestic drones inclu de having the public representatives and not police departments make such decisions. It also says that such policies should be clearly written and open for public use. Part of the guidelines also includes a public audit of its use and a properly instituted oversight committee to prevent misuse. Domestic weapon shouldn’t also carry lethal weapons for safety of the public in case of misuse by a rogue regime. Small-Business Programs Created By Congress and How They Benefit Remote Controlled Aircraft Manufacture Businesses Over Large Air Craft Multinational Organizations Examples of how unmanned and remote controlled aircraft have assisted law enforcement agencies include the documentation of crime scenes in western Colorado. Similar remote controlled aircraft have been used in places such as England, Kenya and South Africa to watch for poachers that are almost bringing wildlife conservation efforts to its knees. It’s also thought courier services might incorporate use of these drone to reduce business running costs by delivering mails. The movie industry will too get a boost by offering directors views only helicopters managed to capture. This is important for their work and in improving quality of their services and products (Congressional Research Service, 2012). The same kinds of planes have taken to the skies in South Africa to pursue suspected poachers seeking rhino horns. They have been tested in England and South Africa

GNU Public License Essay Example for Free

GNU Public License Essay There are multiple operating systems out there available for a number of platforms, or systems, to run. The most popular of which, is Microsoft Windows. As we all know, Windows is not a free program and Microsoft is trying to instill a subscription fee to use Microsoft products. For years, the money hungry corporation has left many people searching for an alternative. In comes Linux. Linux is a UNIX based platform that uses the GNU General Public License. Linux is a very popular platform for a multitude of reasons, but above all else, it’s because it’s a free platform that has become what it is now due to GNU. The purpose of this paper is not, in fact, to speak about Linux, Windows, or any other operating system, but to talk about what the GNU public license is, and it’s role in information technology today. So what is the GNU public license? According to â€Å"GNU Operating System† (2007), â€Å"The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works.† (Preamble). What does this mean? Well, a copyright license for software, or any other type of works, are designed to take away the freedom of developers to share or change the software or work licensed. For example, Microsoft has a license agreement that prevents you from doing any modifications to any of their software, and stipulates any fees or distributions with that software. The exact opposite is true for the GNU General Public License as its intentions is to guarantee your freedom to modify and share any and all versions of a program or software covered by the GNU. This, in turn, ensures the software, or works, will remain free for all of its users. The GNU Public Licenses are designed to enable individuals the right to freely distribute copies of the free software, with provided source code, that you can modify and charge for if you like. If you modify it, add your own source coding to enhance or individualize the program, you have the right to charge for the software. You can also use parts, or all, of the coding from these software applications in new free programs. In order to protect your rights, the GNU prevents others from denying, or  forcing you to relinquish any rights you have to the software. Now, with that being said, if you wish to distribute copies of the software, modify it, or sell it, you will need to comply with certain responsibilities to respect the freedom of other potential users of this software. So, if you decide to distribute copies of a program you’ve been working on under the GNU, free or otherwise, you should pass on the same rights to others that you received yourself. This means you need to make the source code available for those just as it was made available for you. Developers using the GNU general public license protect your rights in two ways. This is done by asserting a copyright on the software, as well as offering you access to this license to legally give you permission to modify, copy or distribute it. On the same note, for the author or developers’ protection, the GPL states there is no warranty to cover any software obtained under the GNU. For the protection of the developers, or any authors, the GPL requires that any modified versions must be marked as changed, so that any potential problems will not be attributed mistakenly to any previous developers. Finally, software patents constantly threaten all programs. To ensure their protection, the GPL assures that all patents cannot be used to render any program as non-free. The GNU general public license is a remarkable agreement giving many developers the free reign to modify and personalize software that they did not originally develop. This allows businesses the right to customize programs to fit their needs, and not be liable for any wrongdoing by modifying the original software. I am a huge fan of the GNU, and highly recommend you look into the use of GNU software as well. References GNU Operating System. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html Stalling, W. (2012). Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (7th ed.). Retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:44214502/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/987e268c-c478-4f85-ab08-ea8d45bb90a3/expan

Bed Wetting in School Children Essay Example for Free

Bed Wetting in School Children Essay Bedwetting (also referred to as nocturnal enuresis) is the involuntary passing of urine during sleep after the age at which bladder control usually occurs. It can be an embarrassing, frustrating and distressing problem that affects millions of children. It is more common than most parents think. Many children are dry at night by the time they reach the age of 5 but others take longer to become dry. When children still wet the bed when they are 6 or older, parents usually start to become concerned that their child may have some kind of physical or emotional problem. Some decide not to stress about it and give it time; others will seek medical advice, take their child to counselling or use alternative therapies. Once children go to Primary School and become aware that other kids of their age are dry at night they become embarrassed about it. Some children avoid going to sleepovers and school camps because of the fear of other kids discovering their problem. Teenagers are usually even more distressed by the bedwetting and many worry the problem will never go away. It often has a significant impact on their self-esteem. I decided to choose Bowen Therapy for Bedwetting as the subject for my Research Project because I have always had a passion for working with children. As a mother of two daughters and having dealt with toilet training issues I have experienced how upsetting and frustrating bedwetting can be for a child and their family. As Bowen Therapy is a wonderful holistic technique to promote physical and emotional balance, it is an ideal way to help children gain control of this problem. This research task explores the different causes and methods of treatment of nocturnal enuresis. It also outlines the anatomy of the urinary system and the nerves and muscles involved in micturition to gain a better understanding of how Bowen Therapy addresses this condition. I evaluated the effectiveness of Bowen Therapy on nocturnal enuresis in combination with dietary modifications as recommended by Mr. Bowen. The therapeutic value of omega-3 fatty acids is also mentioned (which have been proven to be effective in treating nocturnal enuresis) and the benefits of Neuro-Developmental reflex integration exercises.

Underclass Exclusion Unemployment

Underclass Exclusion Unemployment Critically consider liberal accounts of the ‘underclass. To what extent is a focus on cultural characteristics useful in aiding our understanding of social exclusion. Use of the term social exclusion arose in Europe in the wake of prolonged and large scale unemployment that provoked criticisms of welfare systems for failing to prevent poverty and for hindering economic development. Silver (1994) stresses that economic restructuring in North American and European countries since the mid- 1970s has given rise to such terms as social exclusion, new poverty, and the underclass to describe the consequent negative effects on the more vulnerable populationsin these countries. Such phenomena also intensified the debate over the adequacy ofuniversal social protection policies and fuelled growing concern about the distributivefairness of employment and income patterns. Used first in France (Yepez-del-Castillo 1994), the concept spread quickly to the United Kingdom and throughoutthe European Union. Social exclusion theorists are concerned with the dissolution of social bonds, theincomplete extension of social rights and protections to all groups, and the linksbetween the idea of exclusion and more conventional understandings of inequality.They draw on theories of poverty, inequality, and disadvantage. In this context policiesto aid the excluded have focused on subsidizing jobs and wages, providing housing, and responding to urbanization. The value added of these discussions de rivesfrom their focus on the multifaceted nature of deprivation and on analysis of themechanisms and institutions that function to exclude people (de Haan 1998). Theconcept of social exclusion has encouraged scholars to consider simultaneously theeconomic, social, and political dimensions of deprivation. As Bhalla and Lapeyre(1997) stress, this concept encompasses the notion of poverty broadly defined, butis more general in that it explicitly emphasizes povertys relational as well as its distributionalaspects. Social Exclusion is another term for the lower strata poor. This implies that this is more than just about the straight poor but instead about behaviour which has created a lifestyle which is permanently dislocated from the habits and way of life of the majority. The concept of the underclass has been widely contested today. It has many links with social exclusion, the notion of a cycle of deprivation and cultural theories. During the course of this essay a number of different areas will be looked at. The focal point of this essay will rest by and large in the culture of binge drinking which is apparent across a significant area of the population. This part of the population has been named in many different ways by the media and social theorists alike from Chavs to the deprived to the socially excluded, all of which lead us to the same concept ‘The Underclass. It will then discuss different perspectives on the ‘underclass both into whether it truly exists and whether it i s the individuals or the welfare states fault. This essay will interrogate Murrays claims about the ‘underclass and explain how he is right on a descriptive level but totally wrong on an explanatory level. Furthermore it will look at media accounts of the urban poor and the fact that they are overwhelmingly liberal in orientation. Lastly it will look at the rise of neo-liberalism and the effect it has had on the poor in Britain. There have been many theorists which have researched the concept of the ‘underclass one of which who is highly recognised across Britain and the US is Charles Murray. Murray came to the UK in 1989 in search of an underclass and wrote an article in The Sunday Times about there being the foundations of an ‘underclass in British Society, this was widely contested amongst British sociologists and rejected. However this concept has now been widely researched and there has been increasing truth to Murrays (1990) article ‘The Emerging British Underclass. This article wrote in quite general terms about the ‘underclass and related it to trends of illegitimacy, crime and unemployment. His second essay written in 1996 ‘Underclass: The crisis deepens was preoccupied with illegitimacy, marriage and the state of the British Family. The concept of a traditional nuclear family reducing the chances of a child turning to crime has been one which has been researched heavil y. Although no conclusion has been reached it is still widely believed to be true. The term ‘underclass was derived by Ken Auletta in the 1980s to emphasise the behaviour and values of those deemed to be lower class. Murray (1996) attempts in great detail to show that he does not apply the term ‘underclass to all poor , only to those; ‘distinguished by there undesirable behaviour, including drug taking, illegitimacy, failure to hold down a job, truancy from school and casual violence,. Murray believes illegitimacy is the best indicator of an underclass in the making and the rising trend in illegitimacy therefore alarms him. He places a special focus on issues of violence as it becomes increasingly difficult to raise children to be un-aggressive when whole towns fall prey to criminality. However Alan walker offers a liberal view. He believes that Murray ‘blames the victim and thus diverts our attention from blaming the mechanisms through which resources are distributed. Victim blaming is the attitude which walker believes to have been at the root of many measures from Elizabethan Poor Law to todays ‘YTS and ‘restart programmes. There is the belief by Murray that there are two types of poor people, one of whom live on low incomes and another who dont just lack money . ‘There homes were littered and un-kept. The men in the family were unable to hold a job for more than a few weeks at a time. Drunkenness was common. The children grew up ill schooled and contributed a disproportionate share of the local juvenile delinquents. There are many other arguments about the underclass. Robert Moore suggested that despite his own misgivings; ‘a collective term such as the ‘underclass may be needed to refer to that group of marginalised migrant workers, refugees and asylum seekers, inner city ethnic minority populations and the very poorest who typically have little or no control over goods and skills either within or outside a given economic order. This coincides with Ralf Darendorfs view that the term ‘underclass is a ‘phenomenon of race here as well as the US. These are all rather liberal accounts of the underclasses and a view is taken that the majority of underclasses in both the UK and the US are ethnic minorities many of which are first r secong generation immigrants who have little or no understanding of the British Culture. Many of these minorities will live in poorer areas in which there children will fall victim to the culture of the ‘underclass. This culture includes getting involved with gangs, binge drinking and often leads to unprotected sex which would continue the cycle of the ‘underclass. The liberal accounts of the ‘underclass tend to focus on the pathological individual. This is that if they are poor and dont have a job it is there fault. Part of the pathological explanation suggests that it is the behaviour and attitudes of the underclass that have cut them off from normal society Murray being a strong advocate of this view, argues that welfare dependency has created a counter-cultural attitude that there is no need to work if one can instead receive state benefits or turn to crime instead. The opposing position suggests that the lack of full employment in the economy results in the unemployed and hence poverty. Here it is the failure of the structure rather than the individual themselves who can be blamed for the emergence of an underclass. Auletta refers to the underclass as a group who do not assimilate (1982: xvi quoted in Morris, 1994: 81), identifying four main groups: the passive poor, usually long term welfare recipients the hostile street criminal, drop-outs and drug addicts the hustlers, dependent on the underground economy but rarely involved in violent crime the traumatised drunks, drifters, homeless bag ladies and released mental patients In identifying these groups it can be seen that perhaps a different explanation for the underclass can be given for each grouping. However, in all four cases it could be argued that the underlying reason for the exclusion from society could be either pathological or structural. For example it could be argued that the passive poor are so because they hold the attitude that there is no need for work. The same group could also be said to exist because there are not enough jobs available in the economy for them to work. ‘The underclass as a phrase has shifted in emphasis since the 80s and this shift is partly in response to liberal commentators who suggested that the poor of the contemporary period are idle, jobless and criminal. ‘The underclass as a phrase became associated with blaming the poor for their marginalised social situation. Murrays claims are partly right at the descriptive level, but totally wrong at the explanatory level. There are many different reasons which could offer a far more reasonable explanation on the concentration of urban marginality today. Firstly the changing economy provides us with a number of reasons into why there is an underclass in the UK. Liberals and conservatives today tend to stress values like individual responsibility when considering such issues such as drugs, violence, teen pregnancy, family formation and the work ethic. Some critics readily blame welfare for poverty and find it hard to see how anybody even the poor would deliberately deviate f rom mainstream culture. With widespread joblessness many inner city people become stressed and there communities become distressed, poor people adapt to these circumstances as best they know, meeting the exigencies of there situation as best they can. The kinds of problems which cause moral outrage begin to emerge; teen pregnancy, welfare dependency and the underground economy. Its cottage industries of drugs, prostitution, welfare scams and other rackets pick up the economic slack. It is this underground economy which provides a means for these people as the regular economy cannot. Since 1997, the New Labour government has developed and administered contemporary social policy around the ideals of social inclusion. The Social Exclusion Unit (SEU), Welfare to Work and New Deal Programmes (1998) provide the chief manifestations of socially-inclusive policy. The SEU describes social exclusion as the short hand for what can happen when people or areas are suffering from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown (SEU, 2001: 10). The shift to social inclusion policy is a response to the need to prevent individuals at risk of exclusion from becoming excluded, according to the SEU: a need it proposes to address by, for example, resolving to reverse the growth in family breakups, teenage pregnancies and crime, and to reduce possible restrictions to an individuals economic opportunity. And, where necessary, policy should be designed with the aim of reintegrating those already excluded socially, through programmes such as the New Deal and Welfare to Work (ibid: 29). Bauman argues that the shift in social policy towards the language of social inclusion is a result of key economic trends in the West, leading to the growth of a population that has become surplus to labour-market requirements. Byrne argues that social-inclusion rhetoric is the surface-froth of the more fundamental shift to Post-Fordist patterns of capital accumulation, where those at the margins of inclusion and exclusion serve as part of the reconstitution of a reserve army of labour power. Clearly, Bauman and Byrne differ in their explanations: Bauman viewing the excluded as an unwanted surplus to the expansion of capital, and Byrne viewing the excluded as vital to capitalist expansion. For Bauman, contemporary changes in social policy are part of the wider shift of the welfare state away from policy directed at supporting the re-commodification of labour power. Capital accumulation up until the 1985 required the state to play its role in the provision of key resources, including housing, education, health and, when necessary, welfare payments to the unemployed. This, for Bauman, ensured the re-commodification of quality labour power and also secured a viable reserve army; both of which were essential for post-war capitalist expansion. Since the 1980s, argues Bauman, capital accumulation has become increasingly premised on the rationalisation of the use of labour power, and thus on the shedding of the labour force. As a consequence, the role of the welfare state has ch anged, moving towards means-tested and targeted benefits, and towards-via training and employment policies-catering for capitalisms need for insecure, low-quality labour power, and the disciplining of a growing surplus population. As Bauman observes, ‘The present-day stream-lined, downsized, capital-and knowledge-intensive industry casts labour as a constraint on the rise of productivity to such a degree that economic growth and the rise of employment are, for all practical intents, at cross-purposes; technological progress is measured by the replacement and elimination of labour (Bauman, 1998: 65). The shift in welfare-state priorities towards social inclusion signifies deeper changes in the re-commodification of labour power. In this context, the issue of social exclusion and the rhetoric of social-inclusion policy signifies the emergence of a surplus population which is no longer required by capital as a reserve army of labour. To be sure, a reserve army of labour still exists in non-Western, industrialised areas of the world. For the West, though, capital no longer requires a welfare state committed to the universal provision of key services and social needs, because the maintenance of a reserve army is no longer functional to capital accumulation. For Bauman; ‘The welfare state will become increasingly residual as social policy confines itself to organising the control and administration of a population increasingly isolated from the capitalist labour market. Government is haunted by the prospect of the homeless and disinherited flocking in and capital flocking out. (Bauman, 1998: 54) This, for Bauman, is the reason why social exclusion and social-inclusion policy predominates discourses on welfare. Baumans argument provides a useful explanation of the shift in social policy towards social inclusion. However, the hard-and-fast equating of social exclusion with a surplus labour force playing no role as a reserve army is both empirically and theoretically suspect. Bauman ignores the day-to-day realities of the capitalist system in the West, where the links between capitals demand for labour power and a surplus of unemployed remain of crucial importance. For Baumans proposition to hold, one must assume that those experiencing social exclusion have no connection with the labour market and the status of wage labour. Yet evidence does not support such a view. Evidence suggests ‘A degree of complexity, with people variously experiencing exclusion with no labour-market attachment, exclusion with some labour-market attachment, and inclusion with weak and/or strong labour-market attachments (Labour Market Trends: 2002). In other words the experience of exclusion is as likely to be one premised on the poor, unstable employment as it is as on unemployment and unemployability (Levitas, 1999). Evidence, suggests that labour power continues to function as a reserve army of labour, however attenuated this function might be. A more realistic proposition for Bauman to make might be that the surplus population is growing at a faster rate relative to its function as a reserve army of labour. In this case, those experiencing this situation have little choice, within the constraints of contemporary capitalism, but to remain unemployed and consequently, as Dinerstein suggests; ‘suffer the humiliation of having to beg for work and be in a permanent state of readiness to offer their labour power as a commodity. (Dinerstein, 2002) Media accounts of the urban poor are overwhelmingly ‘liberal in orientation. Many of which, are talking about dole cheats and young women getting pregnant for council houses. The Suns ‘shop a dole cheat campaign hails from the same intellectual tradition as Murray. Many media campaigns have victimised the poor and paved the way for the ‘Chav culture. This has been ridiculed and reported on in the press and on television. A number of attacks have been launched on television channels and there treatment of Britains working classes. It was seen to be not only patronising and offensive but also potentially dangerous. Reality television shows such as Wife Swap, Big Brother and the confessional Jeremy Kyle Show, which tend to rely on working-class participants in search of fame or fortune, were the focus of most criticism. But the portrayal of the working classes in comedy programmes such as Little Britain and dramas like Shameless were also debated. Ethnic minority groups are ‘excluded as a result of their position in the new economy. In this sense, marginalised whites have a lot in common with marginalised blacks. There is however the associated dynamic of discrimination- the most notable example is the place of Muslims in a post 9/11 western world- however, understanding the position of these groups is more about ‘moral panics and fear of otherness. The economic literature on discrimination tends to focus on the different treatment of individuals-based on race, gender, or ethnicity in labour, credit, and consumer goods markets. This is obviously a serious matter, and there is ample evidence in the United States and elsewhere that such disparities are real and quantitatively important as a source of inter group economic inequalities (Modood and others 1997; Wilson 1996). Nevertheless, when considering ethnic group inequality, economists should look beyond what happens in markets. Of course, economists tend to focus on how markets work or fail. Economic theory suggests that discrimination based on gender or racial identity should be arbitraged away in markets of competitive sellers, employers, and lenders. But such discrimination is readily observed in society, and this anomaly attracts attention. Critics of neoclassical economics seize on it, and defenders of that orthodoxy seek to explain it away. Thus evidence that wage differences between the races or sexes have declined, after controlling for worker productivity, is supposed to vindicate the economists belief in market forces. This way of approaching the problem is too narrow. With wages, for example, the usual focus is on the demand side of the labour market-employers either have a â€Å"taste† for discrimination or use race as a proxy for unobserved variables that imply lower productivity for minorities. The primary normative claim in this approach is that such discrimination is morally offensive, a legitimate object of regulatory intervention, and a significant contributor to racial and gender inequality. But implicit in this claim is the notion that if inequality were due to supply-side differences-in the Glenn C. Loury 233 skills presented to employers by blacks and whites, for example-the resulting disparity would not raise the same moral issues or give a comparable warrant for intervention. There is a comparable view in housing markets-that residential segregation induced by the discriminatory behaviour of realtors is a bigger problem than segregation that comes about because of the freely made decisions of market participants. I propose a shift in emphasis. In the United States market discrimination against blacks still exists, but such discrimination is not as significant an explanation for racial inequality as in decades past. This calls into question the conventional wisdom on equal opportunity policy-that eliminating racial discrimination in markets will eventually resolve racial economic inequalit y. Much evidence supports the view that the substantial gap in skills between blacks and whites is a key factor accounting for racial inequality in the labour market. Yet this skills gap is itself the result of social exclusion processes that deserve explicit study and policy remediation. ‘The gap reflects social and cultural factors-geographic segregation, deleterious social norms and peer influences, poor education- that have a racial dimension (Cutler and Glaeser 1997; Akerlof 1997) Group inequality such as that between blacks and whites in the United States cannot be fully understood, or remedied, with a focus on market discrimination alone. Liberals like Murray look at cultural characteristics of the poor as a means of explaining ‘social exclusion. They say the poor is poor because they are lazy, because they dont try at school, because they dont get married. In my opinion the real reason the poor are poor is because; There arent any meaningful jobs anymore for these social groups. The economy no longer needs everyone to work. The successive governments have allowed our welfare state to slowly degenerate. Mainstream society have been conned into believing that these people bring it on themselves. Charles Murray in 1989 used drop out from the labour force among young males, violent crime and births from unmarried women would all be associated with the growth of a class of violent unsocialised people who if they become sufficiently numerous will fundamentally degrade the life of society. This can be seen to be happening today with the creation of ‘chav culture. These ‘Chavs are usually working class and live on council estates and dress in sportswear hoodies, tracksuits and caps. They wear excessive gold jewellery and are seen to be aggressive and uneducated. There was a dramatic increase in unemployed males between 1989 and 1999 from 20.5% to 31.2% which has continued to till today. Drop out in the labour force was largest in the group who had the least excuses to work these were from ages 20 to 24. The economy was not to be blamed fully as overall national employment was lower in 1999 than in 1989. The percentage of men in school did not change appreciatiably and increases of people in higher education have been concentrated among young women and people of both sexes over the age of 30. Since 1994 the number of men in higher education has actually decrease and crime both violent and property are higher than of that in America since 1996. From the mid 19th century to the first  ¾ of this century Britain enjoyed being seen as the most civilised country on earth. The US in this same period was seen as a violent and unruly society with high levels of personal freedom but lower levels of civility. Other continents had low crime rates but a high level of authoritarian control, however Britain is now another high crime industrialised country. Violent crime is seen as impulsive behaviour by those who seek instant gratification of there desires which is part of a general lack of socialisation and is the hallmark of the ‘underclass. Over the last two decades British children have not been socialised to norms of self control, consideration of others, and the concept that actions have consequences. Murray states; ‘One of the leading reasons that they are not being socialised is that larger numbers of British children are not being raised by two mature married adults. He believes that there is not alternative form of family which comes close to the traditional nuclear family of two married parents. He believed that children of two married biological parents were found to do much better than the children of single parents and the children of divorced mothers were found to do better than the children of never married mothers. Illegitimacy is overwhelmingly a lower class phenomenon. However Melanie Phillips argues that it is in fact the overclass fault that we have a lower strata poor. Children from deprived areas sometimes dont know how to use a knife and fork; they dont know what an alarm clock is; because they have no sense of an ordered day. Primary school children who have no idea how to make social relationships but who are aggressive foul mouthed or withdrawn. The government has ambitious plans and programmes on how to tackle social exclusion, turning out papers on truancy, teenage pregnancies, repairing shattered communities. All of which are commendable however this all presents the socially excluded as a breed apart, as an underclass and if there behaviour is somehow different from the rest of society. Government advisors and officials and advisors talk about drugs for instance and they assume that the higher strata can handle cannibas and cocaine but the poor cannot. On education they say there is nothing wrong with the top 2% of schools the problems are with separate sink schools with high levels of truancy and low levels of basic literacy. On family th ey say ‘Im cohabit, Im a lone parent so there is nothing wrong with the changing family. Its the poor who are the problem. This is not only hypocritical and unpleasant but it fails to see how culture works: that signals matter, that they work top down and that what is supportive behaviour by the upper classes can have a disastrous impact on the poor who do not have the soft cushioning of money and privilege to fall back on. The culture of being a lone parent is in some ways created by the elites who lead by example through judges who generally give custody to women and demand monthly child support paid to single mothers who are now also receiving extra benefits and this is done through an increase in taxes on married couples. Surely reducing the males role to nothing but a walking wallet and sperm donor is causing men who are poor to run away from marriage. To understand the underclass is imperative in understanding poverty as a whole. But perhaps more important is the understanding that the underclass is simply a collective term used to refer to a group of individuals. By grouping these individuals together it is far too easy to make stereotypical judgements and statements which, whilst certainly applying to various members of the group, by no means hold true for each individual within. Indeed, it is with little doubt that many members of the underclass do cut themselves off from society due to their behaviours and attitudes, but there will be many who do not. Some people are born more disadvantaged than others take the disabled and elderly for example. Both of these groups can fall within a definition of the underclass they are often dependent upon the state and are in many ways excluded from certain aspects of society. It would take a radical commentator to suggest that either of these groups, and hence the whole of the underclass, are so due to their behaviour and attitudes.

Theories of Communication Essay -- Informative, Communication Theories

Intro: Theories of Communications, is a course that allowed me to further gain a far better perspective and has also broadened my understanding and knowledge of some of the major theories. I appreciate the fact, that during the course of the semester, this class really did an admirable job introducing me to a variety of well known and widely studied theories in the communication feild. One of the biggest things I took out of this class, was how the class impled me to learn how to apply some of the theories to my life in a practical way through some of the class activities, readings, group work, presentations, and assignments. In the following paper, there will be three main things I will be covering. I will start off by introducing all members of my family, and describing a little bit about them individually. I will then be talking about the five theories I selected that I can applyto myself and my family. I will then describe each of the five theories, give an example of my own families experiance that aplies to the theories, and give an analysis of the experiance using the theory. And lastly, I will share with you my conclucion, which will conclude basically all of the things that I learned through writing this paper. Familiy: In my immiediate family, there are 5 members in our household. We as family have been living in bloomington, Minnesota for about 10 years now. My father Brian, who is in his early 50's, and is employed for the Toro company where he is a finance department. My step-mother Roxanne, who is in her mid 40's, and is employed by the government where she is a probation officer. My younger brother Niles who is 20 years of age, and is currently enrolled in a community college in Minneapolis, MN. My youngest... ... of emotion regulation theory is the meta-emotion, which is one's emotions about emotions. It is proposed in the class-text that meta-emotion structure is a major factor and influence in the children's developmental outcomes (Cupach & Olson, pg. 214). Theory #5: Communication Privacy Management Theory: Understanding Families. Definition: this theory is about the management privacy that family members, within a family have to make decisions about how much information to share and how much to keep private from other family members. This is a complex but important theory. Faily privacy is essential to family fucntioning (Petronio & Caughlin, pg. 36). Communication Privacy Theory is practical and is constructe to permit applications that gives us the oppurtunity to understand everyday problems and events that people encounter in families (Petrino & Caughlin).

Essay --

Damon Perez Mrs. Mcgillivray 8th Grade Science 18 December 2013 Incarceration is the process of being sent to prison. The top 10 reasons people are sent to prison are: larceny, drug possession, public intoxication, fraud, theft, aggravated assault, armed robbery, DUI, homicide, and rape. Women are 20% of people arrested. About 15% of people that are arrested are released within 4 hours or less - and about 66% are released within 48 hours. Some people that are arrested are released on bond - 46%. Some people who are arrested are charged with felonies - 25%, the other people were charged with misdemeanor offenses - 75%. There are differences between prison, jail, and juvenile detention. Prisons are operated by state governments and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). They are designed to hold individuals convicted of crimes. People serving long sentences (over a year) go to prison. Jails are most often run by sheriffs and/or local governments. They are designed to hold individuals awaiting trial or are serving short sentences. People serving short sentences (a year or under) go to jail. A youth detention center, also known as a juvenile detention center or, known as juvie, is a secure residential facility for young people. They are called juvenile delinquents. They are waiting court hearings and/or placement in long-term care.(www.BOP.org) There are approximately 1494 prisons in the United States. Jail is where people serve time for the bad stuff they did, a place where a person convicted of a crime is detained. Prison is a place for those convicted of serious crimes. Felony charges are more serious crimes that carry much higher jail time. Misdemeanor charges are still serious crimes just not as dangerous nor se... ...y will schedule a hearing to think about the sentence at a later date. In most felony cases the judge waits for the results of a presentence report, prepared by the court's probation office, before making the sentence. If the defendant pleads not guilty, the judge will proceed to schedule a trial. People charged do not have to prove their innocence. Instead, the government must provide evidence to convince the jury of the person’s guilt. The level of proof in a criminal trial is proof "beyond a reasonable doubt," which means the evidence must be so strong that there is no logical doubt that the person charged committed the crime. (http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/HowCourtsWork/CriminalCases.aspx) Works Cited: www.fbi.gov www.uscourts.gov www.fedstats.gov www.state.gov www.zellislaw.com www.avvo.com www.wisegeek.com

Ray Bradbury :: essays research papers

Ray Bradbury Ray Bradbury has been considered one of America’s greatest science-fiction writer’s. His work often satires human nature and shows his reader’s the flaws found deep within the individual. Not only is Bradbury a novelist, but he is also a , short-story writer, essayist, playwright, screenwriter, and poet Bradbury was born in Waukegan, Illinois on August 22, 1920, the third son of Leonard Spaulding Bradbury and Esther Marie Moberg Bradbury. In 1926 Ray Bradbury's family moved from Waukegan, Illinois to Tucson, Arizona, only to return to Waukegan again in May 1927. By 1931 (the dawn of the Great Depression) he began writing his own stories on butcher paper. In 1932, after his father was laid off his job as a telephone lineman, the Bradbury family again moved to Tucson and again returned to Waukegan the following year. In 1934 the Bradbury family moved to Los Angeles, California. Bradbury graduated from a Los Angeles High School in 1938. His formal education ended there, but he furthered it by himself. He went to the library by night and by day at he worked at his typewriter. He sold newspapers on Los Angeles street corners from 1938 to 1942. Bradbury's first story publication was "Hollerbochen's Dilemma," printed in 1938 in Imagination!, an amateur fan magazine. In 1939, Bradbury published four issues of Futuria Fantasia, his own fan magazine, contributing much of the published material himself. Bradbury's first paid publication was "Pendulum" in 1941 to Super Science Stories. In 1942 Bradbury wrote "The Lake," a short story later added to a collection of short stories called The October Country. This was the story in which Bradbury discovered his distinctive writing style. By 1943 he had given up his job selling newspapers and began writing full-time, contributing numerous short stories to periodicals. In 1945 his short story "The Big Black and White Game" was selected for Best American Short Stories. In 1947 Bradbury married Marguerite McClure, and that same year he gathered much of his best material and published them as , his first short story collection. His reputation as a leading writer of science fiction was established with the publication of in 1950 (published in England under the title The Silver Locusts), which describes the first attempts of Earth people to conquer and colonize Mars, the constant thwarting of their efforts by the gentle, telepathic Martians, the eventual colonization, and finally the effect on the Martian settlers of a massive nuclear war on Earth. As much a work of social criticism as of science fiction, The Martian Chronicles reflects some of the prevailing anxieties of America in the early

Coca Cola Marketing Mix

Coca-Cola Marketing Mix The marketing mix of Coca cola has been changing over time with more and more products being added such that today it has 3300 products, and many different ways of advertising all those products. But because of this Coca cola is the brand with the highest brand equity. The 4 P’s of Marketing: Product, Price, Place and Promotion Product This company has the widest range of beverages of 3300 products. The Beverages are divided into many groups with individual products in these groups, these are; diet category, 100% fruit juices, fruit drinks, water, energy drinks, tea, coffee and more.Coca cola is the No. 1 brand in sparkling beverages, juice, and retail packaged water. Coca cola has its market presence around 200 countries. Coca cola’s other brands are Fanta, Maaza, Limca, sprite, Thums up, Minute Maid, Nimbu fresh, Nested iced tea and more. Price Because of the availability of the many different products the pricing is done according to the marke t and geographic segment. Each different brand of Coca Cola has different pricing strategy. Their pricing strategy is based on the competitors pricing, Pepsi is the main competitor to coke.Beverage market is said to be an oligopoly market (few sellers and large buyers), that’s why they form into cartel contract to ensure a mutual balance in pricing between the sellers. Place Coca cola is the world’s most favourite brand and is available all over the world. Selling in mostly everywhere in the world, you can find all the favourite different brands of Coca Cola in every big chain super market and in most little shops like corner shops. Promotion Coca cola uses various advertising and promotional strategies to create an increased demand in the market.They do this by associating Coca Cola with life style and behaviour and mainly targeting value based advertising. You are more likely to see a coke ad being for a particular festival or in with a general positive message. Coca cola uses CSR as its marketing tool to gain emotional benefits in consumers mind. The current promotions through CSR include â€Å"Support my school† campaign with NDTV. It allows price discounts and allowances to distributors and retailers in order to push more products into the market.It employs both push strategy through promotions and pull strategy through advertisements and campaigns. Also uses children in many adverts to get children interested in their products too. One of their most successful promotion idea was with farther Christmas, before coca cola St. Nick was wearing green but because of coca cola he is now the fat jolly guy wearing red that we all know now. Coca Cola targeted the most loved worldwide celebrated day of the year and tuned that day’s idol into something they created and will always be a big promoting point to them.

Lenin in accounting for Stalins defeat of his opponents in the years 1924-1929 Essay

How signifi stinkert were the personalities of the competitors to ensue Lenin in history for Stalins worst of his opp cardinalnts in the age 1924-1929Stalin, throughout the crude fight for force out exploited his attributes to the outgo of his dexterity, however his tactics were non the nonwithstanding factor in his eventual achiever. by chance whats to a greater extent interesting is the taxonomical fails, one by one of any in all in all of his cont repealers which was due to their idiosyncratic personalities. Many surround this is the more monumental reason for Stalins rise to designer, and that if this had have been changed Stalins success would have been entirely different.Stalins opponents, understandably had rattling different personalities. even facial expression in hindsight none of them light upon tom to seduce a difficult situation for Stalin. This could be due to Stalins natural world power to change and use his opponents strengths and weaknes ses, or maybe the general naivety of piece of musicy in the politburo. unrivaled main practice session of this is Trotsky, and his or else egotistic and arrogant genius. This intern do tidy sum weary of his power, and made him all oersee Stalin as a contender for power.Lenin in his testament says himself he is non sure whether he will al instructions be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution and the politburo blastly over cut this cautious remark for their experience reputation. The grounds seems to suggest members of the bolshy ships company didnt use their temperaments to the best if their potential. furthermore Trotsky seemed rattling visionary about the whole situation. In 1924 he didnt nock Lenins funeral, in the end blaming that on Stalin. In the successive years after he didnt make pregnant politburo meetings and refused to make alliances. In 1926 he did eventually see light forming the fall in op bit however by accordingly it was excessively late and Stalins rooter meanspirited was too large in the central commission.An anformer(a)(prenominal) example of this is how Bukharin in 1925 decided to stand strictly to the red rules. This peradventure shows how expert a serviceman he is, but not how good a politician he is. In that situation he has seen his fellow unexpendedover members being interpreted over by Stalin, but does very little to halt this. Furthermore he says himself Stalin is an unprincipled designer who subordinates everything for his appetite for power The evidence lay suggests he saw the dilemma, but does very little about it.In hindsight we decentlyeousness away k right away he allowed Stalin to use his power modest for his birth political marketing. This shows the true(p) naivety of Bukharin and how Stalins personality completely overshadowed anybody elses in the politburo. and this shows how very significant the personalities of every one of Stalins contenders were, in al lowing and creating a path for Stalin to walk to power. Perhaps if other(a) people in the politburo were willing to lick under authorize tactics like Stalin, the end would have been different. In retrospect we can see personalities might not be a main factor perhaps the individual ideologies gamboled a large role, but its the way people acted towards Stalin, completely overshadowing him that makes personalities so significant.Other peoples personalities did forgather a life-sustaining role, but now in stark contrast we begin looking at Stalins personality strengths, and how he uses them to the best of his major power. He, from the very stemma was a yes man following Lenin coin bank the very end. unless one major(ip) strength that Lenin foresaw was Stalins ability to quarrel his thoughts and ideologies. Stalin from the very beginning has a very strong personality (Lenin) and this was used this in the July days (a troubled time for the Bolshevik party) when Lenin needed this unique quality from him. arguably this is Stalins biggest asset. Furthermore Stalins ability to change tactics and ideologies, particularly in the afterward stage of the power shinny was, down to an incredibly versatile personality. to a greater extentover his ability to look into the future and externalise his actions to aid his set phrase was stunning, as if he planned every move meticulously and al around in hindsight. Looking at the evidence, Stalins personality was vital in his accent, but perhaps if the others had been different the overall out sum would have drastically changed.Personalities were vital in the success and failures of the struggle, however Stalins under hand tactics play an equally important role. Before and during the 5 year struggle he use some tactics to undermine his opponents, and one by one remove them from the adventure of power. Lenin saw this in his final years, and discussed it in his testament, however Stalin persuaded Kamenev and Zinovi ev to fight his side, and intern persevere his job. Furthermore his ability to slip ideologies and affiliate is a testament to his versatile personality. An example of this is in the later stages of the struggle, when only him and Bukharin were go away wing for the job. Stalin suddenly rejected NEP because it was failing and off radically left.This sudden maneuver allowed left wing hold upers and nationalist war commies to reinforcing stimulus him, as well as gaining the support of anti NEP politicians. In all this he managed to leave Bukharin to pick up the pieces of NEP. Furthermore Stalin re introduced grain requisitioning in earlyish 1928 to make sure NEP was a complete fail. Its these quite brilliant tactics that cook up into a plan that make Stalin truly versatile and incredibly shrewd and devious. In everything Stalin did there always seemed to be a very formulated plan, and in this was surrounded by brilliant political tactics. However these tactics were merely way s of get rid of political opponents, and due to personalities as whole, arguably tactics are not as important as other factors.Alternatively the power bums of other opponents could be as significant as personality in the war struggle for power, and the charge of all his opponents. All Stalins opponents had important roles inwardly the Bolshevik party, and in many ways more significant roles than Stalin. One in particular is Trotsky. Head of the ablaze(p) army, and an incredibly influential role inwardly the Politburo. Lenin says himself personally he is, to be sure, the or so able man in the present Central Committee His power institution is remarkable, with vast amounts of Kudus within the Bolshevik party. However arguably as well as him being too self-confident Stalin used this wealth of power base to his advantage by forming the Triumvirate with Zinoviev and Kamenev. When we deflect to other members much(prenominal) as Bukharin, we see that generally their powerbases, although more significant for form _or_ system of government making were not as useful for gaining power as Stalins, and perhaps this was a significant reason for their in individual defeat. Stalins role within the party was General secretary and head of archive and promotions.This involved the inner workings of the Party. The evidence indicates that Stalin used his role, from 1922 to strengthen his caramel brown base within the party and Central committee, which later in 1925/26 seemed to secure his position within the party, in 1923 it was up to 30%, and steadily rising. This seems to indicate his role and power base far out saw anyone elses within the party, and that in reality he was in the perfect position to take up power, even foreseeing this in 1924 by controlling what Lenin saw from the politburo, and vice versa. Stalin took up a highly administrative role, and this worked in his advantage, however the evidence suggests that if other factors were stronger, such as f ace-off personalities that Stalin still wouldnt have made it to power. Arguably in this light personalities seem more significant.Ideologies of the opposition and Stalin play of key significance in how arguments were won and lost. For example, Trotsky stayed far left with all his ideologies perhaps in a more noble way than Stalin, and eventually he was engulfed by Stalins devious tactics. other example would be Zinoviev and Kamenev, in the triumvirate staying right of the spectrum. However when they rejoin to form the left and united opposition they lose huge respect for changing ideologies within the party. interestingly this seems like an incredibly vital forecast leading onto Stalins ideological outdoor stages. end-to-end the start of the political struggle, he sways right but doesnt involve himself in any main arguments about, for example speedy industrialisation. This tactic to stay the middle man has its disadvantages.For example he is described by members of the Bolsh evik party as a grey blur. However it besides has its advantages. Stalin was then able to sway from his very Right views within communism to left views with not much notice he was able to move ideologies to strengthen his fan base and his viewpoints. For example when the NEP failed he upstage himself from it, thus allowing Bukharin to take the blame and him stay in the positive domain spotlight. Its this very middle ideological viewpoint that the evidence suggest allowed Stalin to change as he did, allowing him to use it to his great advantage. despite this, other arguments perhaps suggest it is not the most significant factor in Stalins accent within the government, and that actually his deceitful, arrogant and shrewd personality was the true reason that allowed him to flourish the way he did.In conclusion, looking at all the evidence it is clear a combine of factors were involved in Stalins accent of power. On one hand it seems Stalins powerbase seems to be the primary fac tor, that despite anyones efforts his place within government allowed to get along a vast fan base in such a succinct amount of time. Furthermore others power base didnt seem to match the high quality of his, even though on the drumhead they seem more important, Trotsky is a native example of this. On the other hand his tactics seem the obvious significant factor looking at how he manipulated associate and oppositions, such as Bukharin and Zinoviev. More over his ability to control the politburo with his allies over the testament suggests that this could have been a primary turning point for Stalins direction on how to achieve power.However diving into the muddle of linked causes, personalities seems to come out on top. The tactics and example high ground was generally taken by his opposition, but it seems they didnt play hard enough. They didnt morally fate to use underhand tactics and switch ideologies because they believed in what they were fighting in. Its this decorum that contributed more than anything else. Looking at the other side of the spectrum Stalins fierce personality, with no conscience seems to be the perfect tittup to manipulate not only the communist party but the general public as well. It is this sheer inhumane ability to be deceptive in this way that allows the evidence to suggest, on the top, personality is the most significant factor in accounting for Stalins defeat of his opponents in the years 1924-1929.

Tracking System

IntroductionThe supposer nowadays is a basic need for lineagees or companies. Ithelps a quid in much(prenominal) a way that it makes give more progressive and productive. It isan important thing that a caller-up or small business should ascend because it helps alot in m both ways such as organizing, storing and manipulating data. Havingcomputer programs may help a company commence bigger and be competitive in theflow of the business world. The companies nowadays uses computer literate andvery competitive in the business. Our payroll system is basically an application program, apply to manage the memorializes of the employees ricking in the company.The payroll parade typically includes calculating employee pay, recording payroll proceeding and determining and paying payroll taxes. A company essential have in place a timekeeping system that accurately reflects the hours put in by nonexempt employees as well as the unbroken salary payments for exempt workers. Employers t ypically withhold federal income tax from employee earnings at the end of the year, they must report all issue, tips and other compensation paid. Companies in addition must withhold Social Security and Medicare contributions from employees wages and pay a matching amount.Statement of the ProblemSymmetrikos Payroll System. It includes these following features Add employees record Edit and delete employees record Save the Pay Slip of each employee Compute the Weekly Salary, Cash advances, the rate per day and deductions such as SSS.Objective of the psychoanalyzeTo minimize the manual checking of each day-after-day time records of the employee To develop a faculty that lead recall essential reports. To develop a module that forget monitor the status of employees deductions such as cash advances and charges through SSS.Scope and Limitation of the studyThis study limits only to the proposed enhancement Computerized Payroll System of Symmetrikos. A system which can only be accesse d by authorized person. It does not support network analysis situs implementation, online program or online transaction.ScopesImproved Services it lead adjoin employee satisfaction thus appropriate the quality issue of their work. Better Performance It is an objective of our proposed system to provide better performance which is managed by providing Desired flexibility, prodigal response and Ability to support changes. Ability to respect the quality of services Efficient GUI unmatched of the objectives of the proposed system is to provide a user to work on clicks and make the information transfer possible with the most common I/O devices emptying Of Running Cost We are going to develop the proposed system with an objective to eliminate the running salute by overcoming the continuous stationery expenses, manual terminus need, and extra staff in the information resourcefulness department of the Organization. 2. LimitationsThe system cannot generate report of appraisal s and valuation reports of the employee because it was not included in the system. The system will only be used for payroll legal proceeding by the company specifically Symmetrikos Construction Firm. It will not be employed in any other company This system will generate more time if the rate of each employee go differently.